ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of farrowing and mortality rates on inbreeding levels and genetic gain through data simulation. Data came from two real populations A and B, composed of Pietrain and Landrace breed pigs, respectively. To generate the simulated populations, a Fortran-language simulator was developed using the (co)variances of the breeding values and productive and reproductive information obtained from populations A and B, as well as restrictions on mating and animals selected per generation. Two data files were created. The first contained the pedigree of the previous 10 years, with 21,906 and 251,343 animals in populations A and B, respectively. The second included the breeding values for age, backfat thickness, and feed conversion, all of which were adjusted for 110 kg live weight, for both populations; longissimus dorsi muscle depth adjusted for 110 kg live weight, for population A only; and number of live piglets at the fifth day of life per farrowing, for population B only. Three scenarios were simulated by varying the farrowing and mortality rates during the lactation period. Ten generations were simulated, with 30 replicates for each generation and scenario. Inbreeding levels in closed production units increase with productive and reproductive losses, and these reduce the variances of breeding values, selection intensity, and genetic gains by reducing the number of animals available for selection. Actions that maximize farrowing rates are more important than those that minimize mortality rates during the lactation period, since a reduction in simulated farrowing resulted in greater losses of genetic gains.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da informação genômica na avaliação genética para altura do quadril em bovinos da raça Brahman, por meio de diferentes matrizes construídas com dados genômicos e de pedigree. Utilizaram-se medidas de altura do quadril de 1.695 animais, genotipados com SNP chip de alta densidade ou imputados do 50 K SNP chip de alta densidade. A matriz de pedigree “numerator relationship matrix” (NRM) foi comparada à matriz H, a qual incorporou as matrizes NRM e de parentesco genômico (G) simultaneamente. Os genótipos foram utilizados para estimar três versões de G: frequência observada dos alelos (HGOF), média da menor frequência alélica (HGMF) e frequência de 0,5 para todos os marcadores (HG50). Para a comparação das matrizes, foram utilizadas informações completas ou divididas em conjuntos de dados de calibração (80% dos animais mais velhos) e de validação (20% dos mais jovens). Os valores de acurácia para NRM, HGOF e HG50 foram 0,776, 0,813 e 0,594, respectivamente. NRM e HGOF foram semelhantes, com menores variâncias para os elementos da diagonal e fora da diagonal, bem como para os valores genéticos estimados. O uso de informações genômicas resultou em estimativas de parentesco semelhantes às obtidas com base em pedigree; entretanto, HGOF é a melhor opção para estimar a matriz de parentesco genômico e resulta em maiores acurácias de predição. O ranking dos animais top 20% foi muito semelhante para as matrizes, mas a classificação dentro destas varia dependendo do método.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of genomic information on the genetic evaluation of hip height in Brahman cattle using different matrices built from genomic and pedigree data. Hip height measurements from 1,695 animals, genotyped with high-density SNP chip or imputed from 50 K high-density SNP chip, were used. The numerator relationship matrix (NRM) was compared with the H matrix, which incorporated the NRM and genomic relationship (G) matrix simultaneously. The genotypes were used to estimate three versions of G: observed allele frequency (HGOF), average minor allele frequency (HGMF), and frequency of 0.5 for all markers (HG50). For matrix comparisons, animal data were either used in full or divided into calibration (80% older animals) and validation (20% younger animals) datasets. The accuracy values for the NRM, HGOF, and HG50 were 0.776, 0.813, and 0.594, respectively. The NRM and HGOF showed similar minor variances for diagonal and off-diagonal elements, as well as for estimated breeding values. The use of genomic information resulted in relationship estimates similar to those obtained based on pedigree; however, HGOF is the best option for estimating the genomic relationship matrix and results in a higher prediction accuracy. The ranking of the top 20% animals was very similar for all matrices, but the ranking within them varies depending on the method used.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética de bovinos da raça Brahman no Brasil com análise de pedigree. Registros genealógicos de uma subpopulação foram usados, tendo-se considerado toda a informação de pedigree (Pt) e a informação de pedigree dividida em dois períodos (P1, de 1994 a 2004; e P2, de 2005 a 2012) ou de acordo com sistema de criação (Ppt, animais a pasto; ou Pst, estabulados). Foram obtidas as estimativas de coeficientes médios de endogamia, intervalos de geração (IG), número equivalente de gerações conhecidas (EGC), número de fundadores (Nf), número efetivo de fundadores (fe), número efetivo de ancestrais (fa) e número efetivo de genomas remanescentes (fg). Os coeficientes médios de endogamia foram de 11,97, 7,79, 11,95, 11,74 e 11,31% para Pt, P1, P2, Ppt e Pst, respectivamente. O IG médio foi de 4,4 anos, enquanto o EGC médio foi de 3,18. O fe foi próximo de fa, cujos valores foram maiores que os de fg. As razões fe/fa e fg/fe foram próximas de 1, o que indica ausência de gargalo genético e pequenas perdas por deriva genética. A diversidade genética na raça Brahman no Brasil não está significativamente reduzida.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity of Brahman cattle in Brazil with pedigree analysis. Genealogical records of a subpopulation were used considering all pedigree information (Pt) and the pedigree information divided into two periods (P1, from 1994 to 2004; and P2, from 2005 to 2012) or according to the raising system (Ppt, animals on pasture; or Pst, on stable). Estimates were obtained for average inbreeding coefficients, generation intervals (GI), number of equivalent known generation (CGE), number of founders (Nf), effective number of founders (fe), effective number of ancestors (fa), and founder genome equivalents (fg). The average inbreeding coefficients were 11.97, 7.79, 11.95, 11.74, and 11.31% for Pt, P1, P2, Ppt, and Pst, respectively. Average GI was 4.4 years, whereas CGE was 3.18. The fe values were similar to those of fa, which were greater than those of fg. The fe/fa and fg/fe ratios were close to 1, which indicates no genetic bottleneck and small losses by genetic drift. The genetic diversity in the Brazilian population of Brahman breed is not significantly reduced.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of visual scores of body structure, precocity and muscularity with production (body weight at 18 months and average daily gain) and reproductive (scrotal circumference) traits in Brahman cattle in order to determine the possible use of these scores as selection criteria to improve carcass quality. Covariance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method using an animal model that included contemporary group as fixed effect. A total of 1,116 observations of body structure, precocity and muscularity were used. Heritability was 0.39, 043 and 0.40 for body structure, precocity and muscularity, respectively. The genetic correlations were 0.79 between body structure and precocity, 0.87 between body structure and muscularity, and 0.91 between precocity and muscularity. The genetic correlations between visual scores and body weight at 18 months were positive (0.77, 0.57 and 0.59 for body structure, precocity and muscularity, respectively). Similar genetic correlations were observed between average daily gain and visual scores (0.60, 0.57 and 0.48, respectively), whereas the genetic correlations between scrotal circumference and these scores were low (0.13, 0.02, and 0.13). The results indicate that visual scores can be used as selection criteria in Brahman breeding programs. Favorable correlated responses should be seen in average daily gain and body weight at 18 months. However, no correlated response is expected for scrotal circumference.